ESMO, the leading professional organisation for medical oncology, has developed a new evidence-based classification to guide research and interpretation of data on treatment de-escalation in oncology. The ESMO framework for the risk-adapted modulation through de-intensification of cancer treatments, (1) published today in Annals of Oncology, offers oncologists, research bodies and regulatory decision-makers a set of common definitions and criteria for driving progress in this important field of treatment personalisation.
Since the first risk-modulated treatment strategy in oncology was proposed for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia based on their response to initial therapy, (2) de-escalation approaches using prognostic or predictive biomarkers to risk-stratify patients have been increasingly explored in other tumour settings and created a heterogeneous research landscape marked by variability in methodology, studied endpoints and non-inferiority thresholds. Having recognised the need to resolve uncertainties about how to translate data from novel trial designs to the approval and implementation of biomarkers for the wider patient population, an expert subgroup within the ESMO Translational Research and Precision Medicine Working Group built on the methodology of the ESMO-MCBS (3) and ESCAT (4) to propose a three-tiered classification of evidence for treatment de-intensification.
Senior author Prof. Fabrice André, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, France, explained the rationale behind this approach: “Randomised controlled non-inferiority trials are the gold standard when it comes to testing de-escalated treatments, but they take many years, very large sample sizes and heavy financial investments to run. To drive progress in this field of research, led more often by academic groups than by the pharma industry, we need to be able to design high-quality studies with fewer patients and shorter running times, which may be used to assess de-intensification in very low-risk populations. This framework therefore aims to help investigators better match trial design to the type of biomarker and clinical situation they want to address, as well as define the conditions necessary for results to be considered valid at different levels of evidence.”
Among other things, the group agreed on expedient surrogate endpoints for overall survival that are acceptable within the framework. In addition to survival, safety and quality of life were also deemed to be crucial endpoints for de-escalation studies and have, according to André, too rarely been reported in the past. “We should not assume that achieving equivalent efficacy with less treatment is intrinsically better: quantifying the improvement in terms of quality of life, decreased toxicity or cost-effectiveness is crucial to confirm that the residual risk of incurring a small loss in survival—which is inherent to the confidence intervals used to show non-inferiority—is offset by an important benefit,” he explained.
A further recommendation concerns the need to communicate this trade-off effectively to patients, who have expressed reluctancy to participate in de-escalation research due to fears of being undertreated. (5) Co-first author Dr. Dario Trapani, European Institute of Oncology, Italy, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA, highlighted the importance of using the right language to help patients understand the risk-benefit ratio of therapy: “Patient advocates report that the term ‘de-escalated’ is commonly perceived to mean substandard, which is why our framework proposes ‘modulated’ or ‘tailored’ as alternative phrasing. We must make it clear to patients, especially when the evidence for de-intensification is strong, that their outcomes are not being compromised for the sake of avoiding side-effects. Rather, the particular biology of their tumour makes it highly unlikely that they will benefit from further treatment, so much so that exposing them to its toxicities would be unreasonable.”
While transparency about the degree of uncertainty associated with de-escalated treatment strategies is recognised as integral to shared decision-making at all levels of evidence, Trapani emphasised that the definition of what constitutes a desirable trade-off can also vary according to patient values and priorities, and called for future efforts to collect input from patients and collaborate with the field of social science to better define the risk acceptance threshold for treatment modulation.
“We ultimately designed the ESMO framework to give a clear structure to the de-intensification research landscape: we hope it will make assessing the risks and benefits of modulated approaches more straightforward for all parties involved—including physicians in clinical practice, clinical trialists, and regulators seeking to prioritise their approval and reimbursement decisions,” co-first author Dr. Maria Alice Franzoi, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, France, concluded.
References
- D. Trapani, M.A. Franzoi, H.J. Burstein, L.A. Carey, S. Delaloge, N. Harbeck, D.F. Hayes, K. Kalinsky, L. Pusztai, M. Regan, I. Sestak, T. Spanic, Joseph Sparano, S. Jezdic, N. Cherny, G. Curigliano and F. Andre. Risk-adapted modulation through de-intensification of cancer treatments: an ESMO classification. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2022.03.273
- A. Vora, N. Goulden, R. Wade, C. Mitchell, J. Hancock, R. Hough, C. Rowntree and S. Richards. Treatment reduction for children and young adults with low-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia defined by minimal residual disease (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70600-9
- ESMO Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS)
- ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets (ESCAT)
- G.B. Rocque, C.P. Williams, C. Andrews, T.C. Childers, K.D. Wiseman, K. Gallagher, N. Tung, A. Balch, V.M. Lawhon, S.A. Ingram, T. Brown, T. Kaufmann, M.L. Smith, A. DeMichele, A.C. Wolff and L. Wagner. Patient perspectives on chemotherapy de-escalation in breast cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3891